Japanese grammar is easiest to master when you learn it in the order you will actually use it. This roadmap starts at the absolute beginner level and moves through beginner, lower-intermediate, intermediate, upper-intermediate, and advanced written Japanese, roughly corresponding to JLPT N5 through N1. Use it to spot gaps or plan a long-term course of study.
Common Notation
- V Dictionary Form= Verb dictionary form: é£ã¹ã, è¡ã
- VãŸã= ãŸã stem: é£ã¹, è¡ã
- Vãªã= ãªã form: é£ã¹ãªã, è¡ããªã
- Vã= ã form: é£ã¹ã, è¡ã£ã
- VãŠ= ㊠form: é£ã¹ãŠ, è¡ã£ãŠ
- N= Noun
- ã€A= ã adjective
- ãA= 㪠adjective
1. The Most Basic: First Understand the Structure of Japanese Sentences
1. Basic Word Order in Japanese
For example:
ç§ã¯æ¯æ¥åŠæ ¡ã§æ¥æ¬èªãå匷ããŸãã
I study Japanese at school every day.
Breakdown:
- ç§ã¯ = I
- æ¯æ¥ = every day
- åŠæ ¡ã§ = at school
- æ¥æ¬èªã = Japanese
- å匷ããŸã = study
2. Noun sentences: N5 most basic
2. Nã§ã
Expresses "is ..."
ç§ã¯äžåœäººã§ãã
I am Chinese.
ããã¯æ¬ã§ãã
This is a book.
3. Nã§ã¯ãããŸãã / ãããããŸãã
Not ...
ç§ã¯åŠçã§ã¯ãããŸããã
I am not a student.
Spoken:
åŠçãããããŸããã
4. Nã§ãã
Past "was ..."
æšæ¥ã¯äŒã¿ã§ããã
Yesterday was a day off.
5. Nã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ãã
Past "was not ..."
æšæ¥ã¯äŒã¿ã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ããã
Yesterday was not a day off.
3. ã Adjectives
For example:
- é«ã â high; expensive
- å®ã â inexpensive
- 倧ãã â big
- å°ãã â small
- æ°ãã â new
- å€ã â old
6. é«ãã§ã
ãã®è»ã¯é«ãã§ãã
This car is expensive.
7. é«ããªãã§ã
ã â ããªãã
ãã®è»ã¯é«ããªãã§ãã
This car is not expensive.
8. é«ãã£ãã§ã
Past:
ã â ãã£ã
æšæ¥ã¯æãã£ãã§ãã
It was hot yesterday.
9. é«ããªãã£ãã§ã
Past negative:
æšæ¥ã¯æããªãã£ãã§ãã
It was not hot yesterday.
4. 㪠Adjectives
For example:
- éã â quiet
- æå â famous
- äŸ¿å© â convenient
- å æ° â healthy; energetic
- 奜ã â liked; favorite
10. éãã§ã
ãã®çºã¯éãã§ãã
This city is very quiet.
11. éãã§ã¯ãããŸãã
ããã¯éãã§ã¯ãããŸããã
It is not quiet here.
12. éãã§ãã
æããã®çºã¯éãã§ããã
This city was very quiet before.
13. éãã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ãã
æã¯äŸ¿å©ã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ããã
It was not convenient before.
5. Adjectives modifying nouns
14. ã Adjective + N
Direct connection:
é«ãè»
Expensive car
ããããæç
Delicious cuisine
15. 㪠Adjective + 㪠+ N
éããªçº
Quiet city
䟿å©ãªã¢ããª
Convenient app
6. Most important particles
This is the core of Japanese grammar.
16. ã¯: Topic
Read as waã
ç§ã¯äŒç€Ÿå¡ã§ãã
I am a company employee.
17. ã: Subject / Emphasis
èª°ãæ¥ãŸãããã
Who came?
ç°äžãããæ¥ãŸããã
Tanaka came.
Difference:
ç§ã¯ç°äžã§ãã
As for me, I am Tanaka.
ç§ãç°äžã§ãã
I am Tanaka / I am exactly Tanaka.
18. ã: Object of action
ãã³ãé£ã¹ãŸãã
Eat bread.
æ¥æ¬èªãå匷ããŸãã
Study Japanese.
19. ã«: Time
7æã«èµ·ããŸãã
Get up at 7 o'clock.
But:
仿¥ (today) / ææ¥ (tomorrow) / æ¯æ¥ (every day) / æ¥å¹Ž (next year)
ã« is generally not used here.
æ¯æ¥å匷ããŸãã
20. ã«: Destination
åŠæ ¡ã«è¡ããŸãã
Go to school.
21. ãž: Direction
æ¥æ¬ãžè¡ããŸãã
Go to Japan.
ã« emphasizes the destination, while ãž emphasizes the direction.
22. ã§: Place where the action occurs
峿žé€šã§å匷ããŸãã
Study in the library.
Comparison:
åŠæ ¡ã«ããŸãã
A person is at school.
åŠæ ¡ã§å匷ããŸãã
Study at school.
23. ã§: Means, tool
é»è»ã§è¡ããŸãã
Take the train to go.
箞ã§é£ã¹ãŸãã
Eat with chopsticks.
24. ãš: And
åéãšæ ç»ãèŠãŸããã
Watched a movie with friends.
25. ãš: Quotation
ãè¡ãããããšèšããŸããã
He said, 'I want to go.'
26. ã: Also
ç§ãè¡ããŸãã
I am going too.
27. ã®: Possessive
ç§ã®æ¬ã§ãã
My book.
æ¥æ¬ã®äŒç€Ÿã§ãã
A Japanese company.
28. ãã: From
æ±äº¬ããæ¥ãŸããã
Came from Tokyo.
29. ãŸã§: To
9æãã5æãŸã§åããŸãã
Work from 9 o'clock to 5 o'clock.
30. ã: Listing
AãB = A, B, etc.
æºã®äžã«æ¬ãããŒãããããŸãã
There are books, notebooks, etc. on the table.
VII. Existential Sentences
31. ãããŸã
Inanimate objects.
æºã®äžã«æ¬ããããŸãã
There is a book on the table.
32. ããŸã
People and animals.
éšå±ã«ç«ãããŸãã
There is a cat in the room.
ç°äžããã¯äŒç€Ÿã«ããŸãã
Tanaka is in the company.
VIII. Demonstratives
| Category | Near oneself | Near the other party | Far away | Question |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thing | ãã | ãã | ãã | ã©ã |
| + noun | ãã® | ãã® | ãã® | ã©ã® |
| Place | ãã | ãã | ããã | ã©ã |
| Direction / Politeness | ãã¡ã | ãã¡ã | ãã¡ã | ã©ã¡ã |
For example:
ããã¯äœã§ããã
What is this?
ãã®æ¬ã¯ãããã§ããã
How much is this book?
Nine, Three Major Types of Verbs
First type: Five-step verbs
For example:
- æžã
- 飲ã
- 話ã
- åŸ ã€
- åž°ã
Second type: One-step verbs
For example:
- é£ã¹ã
- èŠã
- èµ·ãã
- å¯ã
But there are exceptions:
- åž°ã
- èµ°ã
- å ¥ã
- ç¥ã
These are five-step.
Third type: Irregular
Only two main ones:
ãã
æ¥ãïŒããïŒ
Ten, Most Important Conjugations of Verbs
Using:
é£ã¹ã
As an example.
| Form | Result |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | é£ã¹ã |
| ãŸã圢 | é£ã¹ãŸã |
| ãªã圢 | é£ã¹ãªã |
| ã圢 | é£ã¹ã |
| ãŠåœ¢ | é£ã¹ãŠ |
| Volitional form | é£ã¹ãã |
| Potential form | é£ã¹ããã |
| Passive form | é£ã¹ããã |
| Causative form | é£ã¹ããã |
| Causative-passive | é£ã¹ããããã |
| Conditional form | é£ã¹ãã° |
| Imperative form | é£ã¹ã |
These forms are the basis for the vast majority of grammar later on.
11. The ãŸã Form
33. ïœãŸã
æ¯æã³ãŒããŒã飲ã¿ãŸãã
Drink coffee every morning.
34. ïœãŸãã
ãé ã飲ã¿ãŸããã
Do not drink alcohol.
35. ïœãŸãã
æšæ¥æ ç»ãèŠãŸããã
Watched a movie yesterday.
36. ïœãŸããã§ãã
æšæ¥å匷ããŸããã§ããã
Did not study yesterday.
12. Invitations and suggestions
37. ïœãŸããã
Do you want to...?
äžç·ã«é£ã¹ãŸãããã
Shall we eat together?
38. ïœãŸããã
Let's... together.
åž°ããŸãããã
Let's go back.
39. ïœãŸãããã
Shall I...?
è·ç©ãæã¡ãŸããããã
Shall I help you carry the luggage?
13. ㊠form: the most core verb form in Japanese
Basic rules for Godan verbs:
| Base form | ãŠåœ¢ |
|---|---|
| ãã»ã€ã»ã | ã£ãŠ |
| ãã»ã¶ã»ã¬ | ãã§ |
| ã | ã㊠|
| ã | ãã§ |
| ã | ã㊠|
For example:
- è²·ã â è²·ã£ãŠ
- åŸ ã€ â åŸ ã£ãŠ
- åž°ã â åž°ã£ãŠ
- 飲ã â 飲ãã§
- éã¶ â éãã§
- æ»ã¬ â æ»ãã§
- æžã â æžããŠ
- æ³³ã â æ³³ãã§
- 話ã â 話ããŠ
Exception:
è¡ã â è¡ã£ãŠ
14. ㊠Basic Grammar Forms
40. ïœãŠãã ãã
Please...
ããã«ååãæžããŠãã ããã
Please write your name here.
41. ïœãŠãããã§ã
Can...
ããã«åº§ã£ãŠãããã§ãã
You can sit here.
42. ïœãŠã¯ãããŸãã
Cannot...
ããã§ã¿ãã³ãåžã£ãŠã¯ãããŸããã
No smoking here.
43. ïœãŠããŸã
Very important, there are three main meanings.
Ongoing action
ä»ãæ¬ãèªãã§ããŸãã
Currently reading a book.
Continuous state
æ±äº¬ã«äœãã§ããŸãã
Live in Tokyo.
Resulting state
çµå©ããŠããŸãã
Already married.
44. ïœãŠãã
Do B after finishing A.
ã飯ãé£ã¹ãŠããå匷ããŸãã
Study after eating.
45. AãŠãB
Connect actions.
æèµ·ããŠãé¡ãæŽã£ãŠãäŒç€Ÿã«è¡ããŸãã
Get up in the morning, wash face, then go to the company.
15. Wishes
46. ïœãã
Want to do...
VãŸã + ãã
æ¥æ¬ã«è¡ãããã§ãã
Want to go to Japan.
寿åžãé£ã¹ããã§ãã
Want to eat sushi.
47. ïœãããªã
Do not want...
仿¥ã¯åããããªãã§ãã
I don't want to work today.
48. Nãã»ãã
I want something.
æ°ããããœã³ã³ãã»ããã§ãã
I want a new computer.
Difference:
- ããœã³ã³ãã»ãã = wanting a computer
- ããœã³ã³ãè²·ããã = wanting to buy a computer
16. Likes, Skills
49. ïœã奜ã
ç§ã¯ç«ã奜ãã§ãã
I like cats.
50. ïœãå«ã
çŽè±ãå«ãã§ãã
I hate natto.
51. ïœãäžæ
åœŒã¯æ¥æ¬èªãäžæã§ãã
His Japanese is very good.
52. ïœãäžæ
ç§ã¯æçãäžæã§ãã
I'm not good at cooking.
17. Comparisons
53. AããBã®ã»ããïœ
B is ... than A
æ±äº¬ãã倧éªã®ã»ããæããã§ãã
Osaka is warmer than Tokyo.
54. Aã¯Bããïœ
æ±äº¬ã¯å€§éªãã倧ããã§ãã
Tokyo is bigger than Osaka.
55. ïœã®äžã§ïœãäžçª
The most ... among ...
æ¥æ¬æçã®äžã§å¯¿åžãäžçªå¥œãã§ãã
Among Japanese dishes, I like sushi the most.
56. ïœã»ã©ïœãªã
Not as ... as ...
仿¥ã¯æšæ¥ã»ã©å¯ããªãã§ãã
Today is not as cold as yesterday.
18. Cause / Reason
57. ïœãã
Because ...
ç²ãããããå¯ãŸãã
Because I was tired, I slept.
More colloquial
58. ïœã®ã§
Because ...
éšãéã£ãŠããã®ã§ãåºãããŸããã
Because it is raining, I do not go out.
Softer and more objective than ãã.
19. Experience
59. ïœãããšããã
Have done...
æ¥æ¬ã«è¡ã£ãããšããããŸãã
Have been to Japan.
å¯å£«å±±ã«ç»ã£ãããšããããŸããã
Have not climbed Mount Fuji.
20. Listing actions
60. ïœããïœãããã
Sometimes do A, sometimes do B / do A, B, etc.
鱿«ã¯æ ç»ãèŠãããæ¬ãèªãã ãããŸãã
On weekends, watch movies, read books, and such.
21. Time relation
61. ïœåã«
...before.
å¯ãåã«æ¯ã磚ããŸãã
Brush teeth before going to bed.
62. ïœãåŸã§
...after.
ã飯ãé£ã¹ãåŸã§æ£æ©ããŸãã
Take a walk after meals.
63. Nã®å / Nã®åŸ
äŒè°ã®åŸã§é£äºãããŸãã
Eat after the meeting.
22. Ability
64. ïœããšãã§ãã
Can...
æ¥æ¬èªã話ãããšãã§ããŸãã
Can speak Japanese.
65. Potential form
More natural, more common.
é£ã¹ã â é£ã¹ããã
æžã â æžãã
èªã â èªãã
ãã â ã§ãã
æ¥ã â æ¥ããã
æ¥æ¬èªã話ããŸãã
Can speak Japanese.
23. Obligation and permission
66. ïœãªããã°ãªããªã
Must...
æ¯æ¥å匷ããªããã°ãªããŸããã
Must study every day.
67. ïœãªããŠã¯ãããªã
also indicates necessity.
è¬ã飲ãŸãªããŠã¯ãããŸããã
68. ïœãªããŠããã
No need...
ææ¥ã¯æ¥ãªããŠãããã§ãã
No need to come tomorrow.
69. ïœãªãã§ãã ãã
Please don't...
ããã§åçãæ®ããªãã§ãã ããã
Please don't take photos here.
Twenty-four, doing... while...
70. ïœãªãã
VãŸã + ãªãã
鳿¥œãèããªããå匷ããŸãã
Listen to music while studying.
Twenty-five, instead of doing A, do B
71. ïœãªãã§
æã飯ãé£ã¹ãªãã§äŒç€Ÿã«è¡ããŸããã
Went to the company without having breakfast.
Twenty-six, try
72. ïœãŠã¿ã
Try to...
ãã®æçãé£ã¹ãŠã¿ãŠãã ããã
Please try this dish.
Twenty-seven, prepare in advance
73. ïœãŠãã
Do in advance.
ããã«ãäºçŽããŠãããŸãã
Book the hotel in advance.
Orally often abbreviated:
è²·ã£ãŠãã â è²·ã£ãšã
Twenty-eight, completion / regret
74. ïœãŠããŸã
â Complete
å šéšé£ã¹ãŠããŸããŸããã
Finished eating everything.
â¡ Accident / regret
財åžããªãããŠããŸããŸããã
Accidentally lost the wallet.
Orally:
ïœã¡ãã / ïœããã
é£ã¹ãŠããŸã â é£ã¹ã¡ãã
Twenty-nine, change
75. ïœã«ãªã
Naturally change into...
å¯ããªããŸããã
It has become cold.
å»è ã«ãªããŸããã
Became a doctor.
76. ïœã«ãã
Decided / made it so by human action.
éšå±ããããã«ããŸãã
Clean the room.
ã³ãŒããŒã«ããŸãã
I want coffee.
Thirty, excessive
77. ïœããã
Too...
é£ã¹ãããŸããã
Ate too much.
ãã®æã¯é«ãããŸãã
This piece of clothing is too expensive.
Thirty-one, easy / difficult to
78. ïœããã
Easy to...
ãã®æ¬ã¯èªã¿ãããã§ãã
This book is easy to read.
79. ïœã«ãã
Difficult to...
ãã®æŒ¢åã¯èŠãã«ããã§ãã
This Chinese character is hard to remember.
Thirty-two, appearance "looks like"
80. ïœããã
Looks like...
ãã®ã±ãŒãã¯ãããããã§ãã
This cake looks delicious.
éšãéãããã§ãã
It looks like it will rain.
Note:
ãã â ãããã
Thirty-three, plans
81. ïœã€ãã
Intend to...
æ¥å¹Žæ¥æ¬ãžè¡ãã€ããã§ãã
Intend to go to Japan next year.
82. ïœPlan / schedule
Plan / arrangement.
æ¥é±åž°åœããäºå®ã§ãã
Planning to return to my country next week.
âäºå®â usually indicates a plan that has already been arranged more than âã€ããâ.
Thirty-four, Opinion
83. ïœãšæã
I think...
ãã®æ ç»ã¯é¢çœããšæããŸãã
I think this movie is very interesting.
Past:
åœŒã¯æ¥ãªããšæããŸãã
I thought he wouldn't come.
84. ïœãšèšã
Say...
ç°äžããã¯ãææ¥è¡ãããšèšããŸããã
Tanaka said, "Go tomorrow."
Thirty-five, Indicating Tone
85. ïœãã§ã / ïœã®ã§ã
Very important.
Used for:
- Explanation
- Explaining background
- Asking reasons
- Emphasizing situation
ã©ããããã§ããã
What's wrong?
é ãçããã§ãã
I have a headache.
Compared to:
é ãçãã§ãã
It adds a sense of explanation like, "Well, I have a headache..."
Thirty-six, Speculation
86. ïœã§ããã
Probably... right.
ææ¥ã¯éšã§ãããã
It will probably rain tomorrow.
87. ïœãããããªã
Maybe...
åœŒã¯æ¥ãªããããããŸããã
He may not come.
It expresses a lower degree of probability than ã§ããã.
Thirty-seven, Expressions of Giving and Receiving
Very commonly used by Japanese people.
88. ïœãŠããã
I / someone do something for someone else...
ç§ã¯åéã«æ¥æ¬èªãæããŠãããŸããã
I taught my friend Japanese.
89. ïœãŠããã
Someone does something for me / our side.
åéãæäŒã£ãŠãããŸããã
A friend helped me.
Very important because it contains the feeling of "a favor received".
90. ïœãŠããã
I receive help from others.
åéã«æäŒã£ãŠããããŸããã
I asked a friend for help.
Thirty-eight, Intermediate Start: Nominalization
91. ïœããš
Turn verbs into nouns.
æ¬ãèªãããšã奜ãã§ãã
Like reading books.
92. ïœã®
Spoken nominalization.
æçãäœãã®ã奜ãã§ãã
Like cooking.
Usually:
- ããš: Abstract, formal
- ã®: Concrete, spoken
Thirty-nine, Change and Habit
93. ïœããã«ãªã
Become able to... / The situation gradually changes to...
æ¥æ¬èªã話ããããã«ãªããŸããã
Became able to speak Japanese.
æ¯ææ©ãèµ·ããããã«ãªããŸããã
Started developing the habit of getting up early every day.
94. ïœããã«ãã
Make an effort to...
æ¯æ¥éåããããã«ããŠããŸãã
I try to exercise every day.
95. ïœããã«èšã
To call someoneâŠâŠ
å çã¯åŠçã«ãã£ãšå匷ããããã«èšããŸããã
The teacher asked the students to study more.
Forty, Purpose
96. ïœããã«
For the sake ofâŠâŠ
æ¥æ¬ã§åãããã«ãæ¥æ¬èªãå匷ããŠããŸãã
Studying Japanese in order to work in Japan.
The preceding action is usually controllable by the person.
97. ïœããã«
In order to achieve a certain state.
å¿ããªãããã«ã¡ã¢ããŸãã
Write it down so as not to forget.
æ¥æ¬èªã話ããããã«æ¯æ¥ç·Žç¿ããŠããŸãã
Practice every day in order to be able to speak Japanese.
Forty-one, Hearsay
98. ïœããã
It is said thatâŠâŠ
æ®é圢 + ããã ã
ææ¥ã¯éšãéãããã§ãã
I heard that it will rain tomorrow.
Note the difference from appearance:
éšãéãããã§ãã
It looks like it will rain.
éšãéãããã§ãã
It is said that it will rain.
99. ïœããã
It is said / seems.
ç°äžããã¯äŒç€ŸãèŸãããããã§ãã
I heard Tanaka is going to resign.
Can also indicate "veryâŠâŠcharacteristic":
仿¥ã¯æ¥ããã倩æ°ã§ãã
Today is weather full of the feeling of spring.
100. ïœããã
It seems thatâŠâŠ
å€ã¯å¯ãããã§ãã
It seems very cold outside.
Relatively formal.
101. ïœã¿ããã
It seemsâŠâŠ
圌ã¯ç²ããŠããã¿ããã§ãã
He seems very tired.
Spoken language.
42. Should / Naturally
102. ïœã¯ãã
Logically, should...
圌ã¯ããå®¶ã«çããŠããã¯ãã§ãã
He should have arrived home by now.
103. ïœã¯ãããªã
It shouldn't be possible.
圌ããããªããšãããã¯ãããªãã
He couldn't have done that kind of thing.
43. ãã Series â Extremely important for intermediate and advanced levels
104. ïœããã
No wonder / That is to say / Naturally.
æ¥æ¬ã«10幎äœãã§ãããã§ãããæ¥æ¬èªãäžæãªããã§ããã
So you lived in Japan for 10 years, no wonder your Japanese is so good.
105. ïœããã§ã¯ãªã
It is not that...
é«ããã®ãå šéšããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã
Not all expensive things are good.
106. ïœããããªã
Absolutely impossible.
ãããªç°¡åã«æåã§ããããããªãã
It's impossible to succeed that easily.
107. ïœããã«ã¯ãããªã
"Cannot" due to social responsibility, position, etc.
ææ¥ã¯è©Šéšã ãããéã¶ããã«ã¯ãããªãã
There is an exam tomorrow, so I can't go out to play.
108. ïœãªãããã«ã¯ãããªã
Have to...
äžåžã«é ŒãŸããã®ã§ãè¡ããªãããã«ã¯ãããªãã
The boss asked, so I have to go.
44. Time Stages
109. ïœãšããã
Just about to...
ä»ããåºããããšããã§ãã
Just about to go out.
110. ïœãŠãããšããã
In the process of...
ä»ãé£äºãããŠãããšããã§ãã
Currently eating.
111. ïœããšããã
Just...
ä»åž°ã£ãŠãããšããã§ãã
Just came back.
112. ïœãã°ãã
JustâŠ
æ¥æ¬ã«æ¥ãã°ããã§ãã
Just arrived in Japan.
Difference:
ããšãã: Really just a few seconds or minutes ago.
ãã°ãã: The speaker subjectively feels 'not long ago'.
For example:
æ¥æ¬ã«æ¥ãŠ3ãæã§ãããæ¥ãã°ããã§ãã
I've been in Japan for three months, but it still feels like I just arrived.
Forty-five, a period of time
113. ïœé
Throughout the entire period.
å€äŒã¿ã®éãæ¯æ¥ã¢ã«ãã€ããããŸããã
Worked part-time every day during the summer vacation.
114. ïœéã«
At a certain point within a period of time.
æ¥æ¬ã«ããéã«ã京éœãžè¡ãããã§ãã
I want to go to Kyoto while Iâm in Japan.
115. ïœãã¡ã«
Taking advantage ofâŠ
è¥ããã¡ã«ããããçµéšããã»ããããã
Itâs best to accumulate various experiences while you are young.
116. ïœæäžã«
Just whenâŠ
äŒè°ã®æäžã«é»è©±ã鳎ããŸããã
The phone rang just when the meeting was ongoing.
117. ïœãã³ã«
Every timeâŠ
ãã®æãèããã³ã«ãåŠçæä»£ãæãåºããŸãã
Every time I hear this song, it reminds me of my student days.
Forty-six, Four major conditional sentences
This is one of the biggest difficulties at the intermediate level.
118. ïœãš
As soon as⊠/ Inevitable result.
æ¥ã«ãªããšãæ¡ãå²ããŸãã
As soon as spring arrives, the cherry blossoms bloom.
119. ïœã°
IfâŠ
å®ããã°è²·ããŸãã
Buy it if it's cheap.
æéãããã°è¡ããŸãã
Go if you have time.
Logical condition.
120. ïœãã
If / ... after.
éšãéã£ãããè¡ããŸããã
Don't go if it rains.
å®¶ã«åž°ã£ãããé»è©±ããŠãã ããã
Please call after you get home.
Most widely used.
121. ïœãªã
If it is ...
æ¥æ¬ãžè¡ããªãã京éœã«ãè¡ã£ãã»ããããã§ãã
If you go to Japan, you had better also visit Kyoto.
Forty-seven, Concession
122. ïœãŠã
Even if ...
éšãéã£ãŠãè¡ããŸãã
Go even if it rains.
123. ïœã®ã«
Obviously ... but ...
ããããå匷ããã®ã«ã詊éšã«èœã¡ãŸããã
Obviously learned a lot, but never passed the exam.
Forty-eight, Limitation
124. ïœã ã
Only ...
æ°Žã ã飲ã¿ãŸãã
Only drink water.
125. ïœããïœãªã
Only ...
$0.60ãããããŸããã
There is only about $0.60.
Must be followed by negation.
Compared with ã ã:
$0.60ã ããããŸãã
Just an objective statement.
$0.60ãããããŸããã
It conveys a sense of insufficiency: âThere is only about $0.60.â
126. ïœã°ãã
Nothing but / Always.
圌ã¯ã²ãŒã ã°ããããŠããŸãã
He only plays games.
127. ïœã»ã©
Reach ... degree.
ç«ãŠãªãã»ã©ç²ããŠããŸãã
So tired that can't even stand up.
128. ïœããã / ïœããã
Approximate / degree.
10åãããåŸ ã¡ãŸããã
Waited for about 10 minutes.
Forty-nine, decision
129. ïœããšã«ãã
Decide by oneself.
æ¯æ¥30åéåããããšã«ããŸããã
I decided to exercise for 30 minutes every day.
130. ïœããšã«ãªã
External decision / outcome becomesâŠ
æ¥æå€§éªãžè»¢å€ããããšã«ãªããŸããã
Decided to transfer to work in Osaka next month.
Usually not decided unilaterally by oneself.
131. ïœããšã«ãªã£ãŠãã
Rules / arrangements.
ãã®äŒç€Ÿã§ã¯9æãŸã§ã«åºç€Ÿããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã
This company requires arriving at the office before 9 oâclock.
Fifty, development of actions
132. ïœãŠãã
Development from now into the future / away from the speaker.
人å£ã¯ããããæžã£ãŠããã§ãããã
The population may continue to decline in the future.
133. ïœãŠãã
Development from past to present / toward the speaker.
æ¥æ¬èªãå°ããã€åãã£ãŠããŸããã
Gradually started to understand Japanese.
Fifty-one, compound verbs
134. ïœå§ãã
StartâŠ
éšãéãå§ããŸããã
It started to rain.
135. ïœç¶ãã
ContinueâŠ
10å¹Žéæ¥æ¬èªãå匷ãç¶ããŠããŸãã
Studied Japanese continuously for 10 years.
136. ïœçµãã
Finish doing.
æ¬ãèªã¿çµãããŸããã
Finished reading the book.
137. ïœçŽã
Again / re-âŠ
ããäžåºŠæžãçŽããŠãã ããã
Please write it again.
138. ïœãã
CompletelyâŠ
äžäººã§å šéšé£ã¹ãããŸããã
Finished eating it all by oneself.
139. ïœããã
Half-done / Just started.
èªã¿ããã®æ¬ããããŸãã
A book that has been read halfway.
Fifty-two, maintaining a state
140. ïœãŸãŸ
Maintain⊠a state.
ãã¬ããã€ãããŸãŸå¯ãŠããŸããŸããã
Fell asleep with the TV on.
éŽãå±¥ãããŸãŸå ¥ããªãã§ãã ããã
Please do not enter wearing shoes.
141. ïœã£ã±ãªã
Let a certain state continue unchecked.
黿°ãã€ãã£ã±ãªãã«ããªãã§ãã ããã
Do not let the light stay on continuously.
Usually slightly negative in meaning.
Fifty-three, not doingâŠ
142. ïœãã«
ïŒãªãã§ã
æã飯ãé£ã¹ãã«äŒç€Ÿãžè¡ããŸããã
Went to the company without having breakfast.
More formal and literary than ãªãã§.
ããïŒ
ããã«
The form is not âããã«.â
Fifty-four, reasons: positive and negative
143. ïœãããã§
Thanks toâŠ
å çã®ãããã§åæ Œã§ããŸããã
Thanks to the teacher, I passed the exam.
144. ïœããã§
It's all because ofâŠ
éšã®ããã§è©Šåãäžæ¢ã«ãªããŸããã
Because of rain, the match was canceled.
Negative result.
Fifty-five, intermediate and advanced comparative expressions
145. ïœã«æ¯ã¹ãŠ
Compared withâŠ
æ±äº¬ã¯å€§éªã«æ¯ã¹ãŠäººå£ãå€ãã§ãã
146. ïœã°ïœã»ã©
The more⊠the moreâŠ
æ¥æ¬èªã¯å匷ããã°ããã»ã©é¢çœããªããŸãã
The more I study Japanese, the more interesting it gets.
147. ïœã«ã€ããŠ
Along withâŠ
幎ãåãã«ã€ããŠãäœåãèœã¡ãŠããŸããã
As I get older, my physical strength has declined.
148. ïœã«åŸã£ãŠ
Following / According to.
çµæžãçºå±ããã«åŸã£ãŠãçæŽ»ãè±ãã«ãªã£ãã
With the development of the economy, life has also become prosperous.
It can also indicate according to:
èŠåã«åŸã£ãŠè¡åããŠãã ããã
Please act according to the regulations.
149. ïœã«äŒŽã£ãŠ
Accompanied byâŠ
人å£ã®å¢å ã«äŒŽã£ãŠãäœå® äžè¶³ãæ·±å»ã«ãªã£ãã
With population growth, housing shortage is becoming more and more serious.
Used more in written language.
Fifty-six, Object and Position
150. ïœã«ã€ããŠ
AboutâŠ
æ¥æ¬æåã«ã€ããŠç ç©¶ããŠããŸãã
Study Japanese culture.
151. ïœã«å¯ŸããŠ
Regarding / ConcerningâŠ
æ¿åºã®æ¿çã«å¯ŸããŠæ¹å€ãããã
Some people criticize government policies.
152. ïœã«ãšã£ãŠ
ForâŠ
ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠå®¶æãäžçªå€§åã§ãã
For me, family is the most important.
Be careful not to simply write:
ç§ã«ã€ããŠ
This becomes "about me".
153. ïœãšããŠ
AsâŠ
æ¥æ¬èªæåž«ãšããŠåããŠããŸãã
Work as a Japanese teacher.
154. ïœã«ãã£ãŠ
Depending on the context, it can indicate:
Through
ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã«ãã£ãŠæ å ±ãåŸãã
Due to
å°éã«ãã£ãŠå»ºç©ãå£ããã
Be
ãã®å°èª¬ã¯æäžæ¥æš¹ã«ãã£ãŠæžãããã
Fifty-seven, Passive
155. Passive Form
Godan Verbs:
æžã â æžããã
Ichidan Verbs:
é£ã¹ã â é£ã¹ããã
ãã â ããã
æ¥ã â æ¥ããã
Ordinary Passive
ãã®æ¬ã¯äžçäžã®äººã«èªãŸããŠããŸãã
This book is read by people all over the world.
Adversity Passive
ç§ã¯åŒã«ã±ãŒããé£ã¹ãããŸããã
My cake was eaten by my younger brother.
Conveys the feeling of 'I was harmed.'
58. Causative
156. ïœããã
Let / Make âŠ
æ¯ã¯åäŸã«éèãé£ã¹ãããŸããã
Mom makes the child eat vegetables.
59. Causative Passive
157. ïœããããã
Be forced âŠ
ç§ã¯äžåžã«æ®æ¥ãããããŸããã
I was forced to work overtime by my boss.
Very common in daily life.
60. Volition
158. æå¿åœ¢ ïœãã / ïœãã
é£ã¹ã â é£ã¹ãã
è¡ã â è¡ãã
飲ã â 飲ãã
ãã â ããã
ããåž°ããã
Go back.
159. ïœãããšæã
Plan to âŠ
æ¥å¹Žæ¥æ¬ãžè¡ãããšæã£ãŠããŸãã
I plan to go to Japan next year.
160. ïœãããšãã
Attempt / Just about to.
å¯ãããšããæãé»è©±ã鳎ã£ãã
The phone rang just as I was about to go to sleep.
61. Want Someone to Do
161. ïœãŠã»ãã
Want someone âŠ
ãã£ãšæ©ãæ¥ãŠã»ããã§ãã
I hope you come early.
162. ïœãŠããããã
Hope to get help from others.
å çã«ããäžåºŠèª¬æããŠãããããã§ãã
Hope the teacher explains it once more.
62. Basics of Honorifics
Advanced Japanese must master three types of honorifics:
- Respectful language
- Humble language
- Polite language
163. Respectful language: ãïœã«ãªã
å çã¯ãããåž°ãã«ãªããŸããã
The teacher has already left.
164. Humble language: ãïœãã
ç§ããè·ç©ããæã¡ããŸãã
I will help you carry your luggage.
165. Special Respectful Language
| Normal | Respectful |
|---|---|
| è¡ãã»æ¥ãã»ãã | ããã£ããã |
| èšã | ãã£ããã |
| èŠã | ã芧ã«ãªã |
| é£ã¹ãã»é£²ã | å¬ãäžãã |
| ãã | ãªãã |
| ç¥ã£ãŠãã | ãåãã |
For example:
瀟é·ã¯ããã£ããããŸããã
Is the president there?
166. Special Humble Language
| Normal | Humble |
|---|---|
| è¡ãã»æ¥ã | åã |
| ãã | ãã |
| èšã | ç³ãã»ç³ãäžãã |
| èŠã | æèŠãã |
| èãã»èšªãã | 䌺ã |
| é£ã¹ãã»é£²ã | ããã ã |
| äŒã | ãç®ã«ããã |
| ç¥ã£ãŠãã | åããŠãã |
For example:
è³æãæèŠããŸããã
I have read the materials.
63. N2: Obligation, Have to
167. ïœãããåŸãªã
Have to.
èšç»ã倿ŽããããåŸãªãã
Have to revise the plan.
Formal written language.
168. ïœãªãããã«ã¯ãããªã
Cannot but...
çŽæãã以äžãè¡ããªãããã«ã¯ãããªãã
Since you agreed, you cannot not go.
Sixty-four, although...
169. ïœãã®ã®
Although... but...
è²·ã£ããã®ã®ããŸã äžåºŠã䜿ã£ãŠããªãã
Although I bought it, I never used it even once.
170. ïœã«ãããããã
Despite...
倧éšã«ãããããããå€ãã®äººãåå ããã
Despite the heavy rain, many people still participated.
Formal.
171. ïœãªãã
Advanced usage of "although".
ç¥ã£ãŠããªãããäœãèšããªãã£ãã
Clearly knowing, yet said nothing.
172. ïœã€ã€
On one hand... on the other hand...
å°æ¥ã®ããšãèãã€ã€ä»äºãæ¢ããŠããã
More formal/written style.
173. ïœã€ã€ã
Although...
å±éºã ãšç¥ãã€ã€ããææŠããã
Although knowing the danger, still took the challenge.
Sixty-five, evaluation: different from expectation
174. ïœã«ããŠã¯
Speaking from the perspective of... yet...
åå¿è ã«ããŠã¯äžæã§ãã
For a beginner, it is already very good.
175. ïœããã«
Although... yet / According to...
ãã®åºã¯é«ãããã«ããããããªãã
This store is expensive, yet not tasty.
176. ~negative aspect
On the other hand.
éœäŒã¯äŸ¿å©ãªåé¢ãçæŽ»è²»ãé«ãã
Although the city is convenient, on the other hand, the cost of living is high.
177. ïœäžæ¹ã§
On the other hand.
人å£ãå¢ããŠããåœãããäžæ¹ã§ãæžã£ãŠããåœãããã
Sixty-six, more and more...
178. ïœäžæ¹ã
Continuously...
ç©äŸ¡ã¯äžããäžæ¹ã§ãã
Prices are continuously rising.
Usually involves a continuous change in one direction.
179. ïœã°ããã
More and more...
ç¶æ³ã¯æªããªãã°ããã ã
The situation is getting worse and worse.
Sixty-seven, risk
180. ïœãããããã
Perhaps might...
å°é¢šãäžéžãããããããããŸãã
The typhoon might make landfall.
Common in news and formal articles.
181. ïœãããªã
Might cause bad results.
ãã®ãŸãŸã§ã¯äºæ ãèµ·ãããããªãã
If it continues like this, an accident might happen.
182. ïœããã
Difficult to...
ãã®èŠæ±ã«ã¯å¿ããããŸãã
Your request is difficult for us to agree to.
Very common in business Japanese.
Sixty-eight, strong judgment
183. ïœã«éããªã
Certainly...
圌ãç¯äººã«éããªãã
He must be the culprit.
184. ïœã«æ±ºãŸã£ãŠãã
Certainly... right?
ãããªã®ç¡çã«æ±ºãŸã£ãŠããã
That is certainly impossible.
More conversational and subjective than ã«éããªã.
Sixty-nine, "just"
185. ïœã«ãããªã
Just...
ããã¯äžã€ã®äŸã«ãããªãã
This is just an example.
186. ïœã«ã»ããªããªã
Exactly...
æåã¯åªåã®çµæã«ã»ããªããªãã
Success is exactly the result of effort.
Seventy, the degree far exceeds expectations
187. ïœã©ããã
Not to mention A, but rather B.
æ¥æ¬èªã©ããããè±èªã話ããªãã
Not to mention Japanese, I can't even speak English.
Also possible:
äŒãã©ããããæ¯æ¥æ®æ¥ããŠããã
Not to mention resting, I work overtime every day.
188. ïœã©ããã§ã¯ãªã
It's simply not the time to do...
ä»äºãå¿ãããŠãæ è¡ã©ããã§ã¯ãªãã
Work is too busy, there's no mood to travel at all.
Seventy-one, not only...
189. ïœã ãã§ãªã
Not only...
圌ã¯è±èªã ãã§ãªããäžåœèªã話ããŸãã
190. ïœã°ããã
Not only... but even...
圌ã¯è¬ããªãã°ããããç§ãæ¹å€ããã
He not only didn't apologize, but even criticized me.
191. ïœã®ã¿ãªãã
Not only...
åœå ã®ã¿ãªãããæµ·å€ã§ã人æ°ãããã
Not only in the country, but also very popular abroad.
Formal written language.
192. ïœã¯ãã¡ãã
... goes without saying ...
æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãã¡ãããè±èªã話ããŸãã
Seventy-two, basis, scope, occasion
193. ïœã«åºã¥ããŠ
Based on...
ããŒã¿ã«åºã¥ããŠå€æããŸãã
Judged according to data.
194. ïœãããšã«
Take... as the basis.
å®è©±ãããšã«äœãããæ ç»ã§ãã
A movie adapted from a true story.
195. ïœã«å¿ããŠ
According to...
åå ¥ã«å¿ããŠçšéãæããŸãã
Pay taxes based on income.
196. ïœãéã㊠/ ïœãéããŠ
ThroughâŠâŠ
å人ãéããŠåœŒãšç¥ãåããŸããã
I got to know him through a friend.
It can also indicate the entire period:
äžå¹ŽãéããŠæããã
It is warm throughout the year.
Seventy-three, Scope
197. ïœã«ããã£ãŠ
Lasting / involvingâŠâŠ
äŒè°ã¯5æéã«ããã£ãŠè¡ãããã
The meeting lasted for 5 hours.
198. ïœã«ãããŠ
FromâŠâŠ toâŠâŠ
ä»å€ããææ¥ã®æã«ãããŠéªãéãã§ãããã
It may snow from tonight to tomorrow morning.
Seventy-four, Formal occasions
199. ïœã«éããŠ
On the occasion ofâŠâŠ
å ¥åœã«éããŠããã¹ããŒããå¿ èŠã§ãã
200. ïœã«ããã£ãŠ
At the start of a significant matter.
æ°äºæ¥ãå§ããã«ããã£ãŠãåžå Žèª¿æ»ãè¡ã£ãã
A market survey was conducted on the occasion of launching a new business.
Seventy-five, Sequence
201. ïœIn order
OnceâŠâŠ immediatelyâŠâŠ
VãŸã + 次第
æºåãã§ã次第ããé£çµ¡ããŸãã
I will contact you immediately once ready.
Very commonly used in business Japanese.
202. ïœæ¬¡ç¬¬ã§
Depending onâŠâŠ
çµæã¯åªå次第ã§ãã
The result depends on effort.
å€©æ°æ¬¡ç¬¬ã§äžæ¢ã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
Seventy-six, "After / onâŠâŠ"
203. ïœäžã§
After doing A, then do B.
ããèããäžã§æ±ºããŸãã
Decide after full consideration.
204. ïœäžã«
MoreoverâŠâŠ
ãã®åºã¯å®ãäžã«ãããããã
This shop is not only cheap, but also delicious.
Seventy-seven, Since...
205. ïœä»¥äžïŒã¯ïŒ
Since...
çŽæãã以äžãå®ããªããã°ãªããªãã
Since you promised, you must comply.
206. ïœããã«ã¯
Since...
ããããã«ã¯ãæåŸãŸã§ãããŸãã
If you are going to do it, do it to the end.
The tone is relatively strong.
Seventy-eight, As long as...
207. ïœéã
As long as...
å æ°ãªéããåãç¶ãããã
As long as my health is good, I want to continue working.
208. ïœãªãéã
Unless...
åªåããªãéããæåã§ããªãã
Unless you work hard, you cannot succeed.
209. ïœéãã§ã¯
Judging from... range.
ç§ãç¥ã£ãŠããéãã§ã¯ãåé¡ãããŸããã
As far as I know, there is no problem.
Seventy-nine, "Limited to"
210. ïœã«éã
It is best...
æãæ¥ã¯å·ããããŒã«ã«éãã
In hot weather, ice cold beer is the best.
211. ïœã«éã£ãŠ
As luck would have it...
倧äºãªæ¥ã«éã£ãŠéšãéãã
As luck would have it, it rained on an important day.
212. ïœã«éãã
Not limited to...
è¥è ã«éãããé«éœ¢è ã«ã人æ°ããããŸãã
Not only young people, but also the elderly like it very much.
Eighty, Formal written scenario
213. ïœã«ãããŠ
In...
æ±äº¬ã«ãããŠäŒè°ãéå¬ãããã
The meeting is held in Tokyo.
214. ïœã«ããã
"'...in...'"
çŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã«ãããAIã®åœ¹å²
The role of AI in modern society.
215. ïœãããã£ãŠ
Around...
ãã®åé¡ãããã£ãŠè°è«ãç¶ããŠããã
The debate around this issue is still ongoing.
81. Regardless of...
216. ïœã«ããããã
Regardless of...
幎霢ã«ãããããåå ã§ããŸãã
People of all ages can participate.
217. ïœãåãã
Regardless of...
çµéšã®æç¡ãåããå¿åã§ããŸãã
You can apply whether or not you have experience.
Job advertisements are particularly common.
82. Assuming
218. ïœãšããã
If...
$62,000ãã£ããšããããäœã«äœ¿ããŸããã
If you had about $62,000, what would you spend it on?
219. ïœãšããã°
If assuming...
圌ã®è©±ãæ¬åœã ãšããã°ã倧åé¡ã ã
More formal.
220. ïœã«ããŠã / ïœã«ãã / ïœã«ãã
Even if...
è¡ããªãã«ããŠããé£çµ¡ãããããŠãã ããã
Even if you donât go, please at least get in touch.
83. Special conditions
221. ïœãã®ãªã
If it is possible to...
Usually very difficult to achieve.
ã§ãããã®ãªããæã«æ»ãããã
If possible, I really want to go back to the past.
222. ïœãªãããšã«ã¯
If not... then...
å®éã«èŠãªãããšã«ã¯å€æã§ããªãã
You cannot judge without seeing it with your own eyes.
84. Possible and impossible
223. ïœåŸã
Possible.
Read:
ãã / ãã
äºæ ã¯èª°ã«ã§ãèµ·ããåŸãã
Accidents can happen to anyone.
224. ïœåŸãªã
Impossible.
ãããªããšã¯ããåŸãªãã
That kind of thing is impossible.
Very common:
ããããªãïŒ
= Impossible! Too absurd!
Eighty-five, Strong Emotions
225. ïœãŠããŸããªã
...extremely.
æããŠããŸããªãã
It's unbearably hot.
226. ïœãŠãªããªã
Can't help but...
å°æ¥ãå¿é ã§ãªããªãã
Can't help but worry about the future.
Written, formal.
227. ïœãŠãããããªã
...to the point of no alternative.
ç ããŠãããããªãã
So tired I can't bear it.
Spoken.
Eighty-six, Not completely not...
228. ïœãªãããšã¯ãªã
Also not impossible to...
é£ã¹ãããªãããšã¯ãªãã§ããã奜ãã§ã¯ãããŸããã
It's not that I can't eat it, but I don't like it.
229. ïœããšã¯ïœã
Although... indeed...
æ¥æ¬èªã話ããããšã¯è©±ããŸããããŸã äžæã§ã¯ãããŸããã
I can speak Japanese, but not well.
Eighty-seven, N1 Advanced Written Language
From here, many expressions are not necessarily frequent in daily conversation, but often appear in news, papers, reviews, and JLPT N1.
230. ïœã«è³ã
Reach...
é·ãè°è«ã®æ«ãåæã«è³ã£ãã
After long discussions, a final agreement was reached.
231. ïœã«è³ããŸã§
Even reaching...
åäŸããé«éœ¢è ã«è³ããŸã§å¹ åºãå©çšãããŠããã
Used widely from children to the elderly.
232. ïœã«è³ã£ãŠ
Not until... did...
åé¡ãæ·±å»ãªç¶æ³ã«è³ã£ãŠãããããæ¿åºãåãå§ããã
It was not until the problem became serious that the government finally began to take action.
88. Taking... as an opportunity
233. ïœã奿©ã«
Taking... as an opportunity.
çåŠã奿©ã«ã人çã«ã€ããŠèããããã«ãªã£ãã
234. ïœããã£ããã«
Because of a certain opportunity.
æ¥æ¬æ è¡ããã£ããã«ãæ¥æ¬èªãå匷ãå§ããŸããã
More common in everyday language than 奿©ã«.
235. ïœãç®åãã«
Starting with..., then proceeding.
æ±äº¬å ¬æŒãç®åãã«ãå šåœãã¢ãŒãå§ãŸãã
Starting with the Tokyo performance, the national tour began.
89. Using... as a dividing line
236. ïœãå¢ã«
Using... as a dividing line.
30æ³ãå¢ã«ãçæŽ»ç¿æ £ãå€ããã
Changed lifestyle habits after the age of 30.
90. According to standards
237. ïœã«å³ããŠ
Based on actual circumstances.
çŸç¶ã«å³ããŠå¶åºŠãèŠçŽãå¿ èŠãããã
Need to reassess the system according to the current situation.
238. ïœã«æ²¿ã£ãŠ
According to...
èšç»ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠäœæ¥ãé²ããŸãã
Carry out work according to plan.
239. ïœã«åããŠ
Contrary to...
äºæ³ã«åããŠã売äžãå¢å ããã
Contrary to expectations, sales increased.
91. Special circumstances
240. ïœã«ãã£ãŠ
In special environments.
éåžžæã«ãã£ãŠãå·éãªå€æãæ±ããããã
In emergencies, calm judgment is needed.
Very formal.
241. ïœãšãã£ãŠ
Because it is a special circumstance, therefore...
人æ°ä¿³åªãæ¥ããšãã£ãŠãå€ãã®äººãéãŸã£ãã
Because a popular actor is coming, many people gathered.
242. ïœãšããã°
If it is for...
å®¶æã®ãããšããã°ãäœã§ãããã
If it is for my family, I am willing to do anything.
92. Even if...
243. ïœãšããã©ã
Even if it is...
å°éå®¶ãšããã©ããééããããšã¯ããã
Even experts can make mistakes.
Formal.
244. ïœãšã¯ãã
Although...
æ¥ãšã¯ããããŸã å¯ãã
Although it is already spring, it is still very cold.
93. Precisely because...
245. ïœãªãã§ã¯
Only... has/exists.
京éœãªãã§ã¯ã®é¢šæ¯ã§ãã
This is a scenery that exists only in Kyoto.
Very common in advertisements and travel guides.
94. Without... then...
246. ïœãªãããŠã¯
Without... you cannot...
åªåãªãããŠæåã¯ãªãã
Without effort, there is no success.
247. ïœãªãã«
Without... then...
èš±å¯ãªãã«å ¥ãããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
Cannot enter without permission.
95. Will inevitably...
248. ïœãã«ã¯ãããªã
Will definitely cause...
ãã®æ ç»ã¯èŠã人ãæåãããã«ã¯ãããªãã
This movie will definitely move the audience.
249. ïœãã«ã¯ããŸãªã
Have to...
人ã«è¿·æãããã以äžãè¬ããã«ã¯ããŸãªãã
Since I have caused trouble for others, I have to apologize.
96. No need
250. ïœãŸã§ããªã
Not necessary...
èšããŸã§ããªãã
It goes without saying.
ããããè¡ããŸã§ããªãã
No need to go out of your way.
251. ïœã«ã¯åã°ãªã
Not necessary...
ãå¿é ã«ã¯åã³ãŸããã
You don't need to worry.
Formal.
Ninety-seven, unbearable / worth
252. ïœã«å ªããªã
Unbearable...
èŠãã«å ªããªãå æ¯ã ã£ãã
It is a sight hard to look at.
253. ïœã«å ªãã
Worth...
ãã®äœåã¯éè³ã«å ªããã
This work is worth appreciating.
Ninety-eight, can't bear
254. ïœã«å¿ã³ãªã
Can't bear...
é·å¹Žäœ¿ã£ãå®¶ãå£ãã®ã¯å¿ã³ãªãã
Can't bear to tear down the house used for many years.
Ninety-nine, extremely...
255. ïœæ¥µãŸããªã
Extremely...
å±éºæ¥µãŸããªãè¡çºã ã
This is an extremely dangerous act.
256. ïœã®æ¥µã¿
Ultimate.
èŽ æ²¢ã®æ¥µã¿ã ã
Luxury to the extreme.
One hundred, strong feelings
257. ïœãŠããŸãªã
Sincerely...
çæ§ã®æåãé¡ã£ãŠãã¿ãŸããã
Sincerely wish everyone success.
Common in formal speeches.
258. ïœãçŠãåŸãªã
Can't help but...
ãã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãèããŠãé©ããçŠãåŸãªãã£ãã
Hearing that news, I couldn't help but feel shocked.
One hundred and one, one... right away...
This is a group that is easy to mix up in N1.
259. ïœãã°ãã
Just... again...
èŠãããã°ããå¿ããŠããŸãã
Just memorized it and immediately forgot.
Usually happens repeatedly.
260. ïœãæ©ãã
Just... then...
ãã«ã鳎ããæ©ãããåŠçãã¡ã¯æå®€ãé£ã³åºããã
261. ïœãåŠã
One... immediately...
å®¶ã«çããåŠãããããã«åã蟌ãã ã
Formal written language.
262. ïœãªã
One... immediately...
圌ã¯éšå±ã«å ¥ããªãããã¬ããã€ããã
One hundred and two, doing A while doing B
263. ïœãããã
Engaging in the main work while simultaneously...
äŒç€Ÿã§åããããããå°èª¬ãæžããŠããã
Work at the company while writing a novel.
264. ïœããŠã
Incidentally.
æ£æ©ããŠãã³ã³ããã«è¡ã£ãŠããŸãã
Go to the convenience store while taking a walk.
265. ïœã€ãã§ã«
On the occasion.
è²·ãç©ã®ã€ãã§ã«éè¡ãžè¡ããŸããã
In everyday speech, ã€ãã§ã« is more common than ããŠã.
One hundred and three, if only I had... sooner.
266. ïœãã®ã
Clearly... yet...
æ©ãç é¢ãžè¡ãã°ããã£ããã®ãã
Clearly, I should have gone to the hospital earlier.
With regret or blame.
One hundred and four, in order to...
267. ïœã¹ã
In order to...
åé¡ã解決ãã¹ããå°éå®¶ãéãŸã£ãã
Experts gathered together in order to handle the problem.
Formal.
268. ïœã¹ãããªã
Absolutely cannot...
åœæã¯çµæãç¥ãã¹ãããªãã£ãã
At that time, there was no way to know the result.
105. Prohibition
269. ïœã¹ããã
Must not...
é¢ä¿è 以å€ç«ã¡å ¥ãã¹ãããã
Unauthorized personnel are not allowed to enter.
Classical, notice-like expression.
106. Like...
270. ïœããšã
Like...
ç§ããšãã«ãããªå€§åœ¹ã¯åãŸããŸããã
Someone like me cannot undertake such a heavy responsibility.
May also imply disdain.
271. ïœããšã
As if...
颚ã®ããšãèµ°ãå»ã£ãã
Ran away like the wind.
Highly literary.
107. Even... (emphasis)
272. ïœãã
Even...
圌ã¯èªåã®ååããæžããªãã
He cannot even write his own name.
273. ïœã ã«
Even...
æ³åããã ã«æãããã
Just imagining it feels terrifying.
Very formal/written style.
274. ïœãã
Even...
ååããåãããŸããã
Doesn't even know the name.
More common in daily life.
275. ïœãããšã
Even if... still...
äžç¬ãããšãæ²¹æã§ããªãã
Even for a moment, you cannot be careless.
108. Unconsciously...
276. ïœãšããªã / ïœãšããªãã«
Unintentionally...
ãã¬ããèŠããšããªãèŠãŠããã
Watching TV aimlessly.
109. Regardless...
277. ïœã§ããïœã§ãã
Whether A or B.
æŽãã§ããéšã§ããã詊åã¯è¡ãããã
The match will take place regardless of sunny or rainy weather.
278. ïœã§ããããš
Even if...
誰ã§ããããšãèŠåãå®ããªããã°ãªããªãã
Everyone must follow the rules.
110. Regardless of...
279. ïœããã®ãšããã
Not taking...seriously.
圌ã¯åšå²ã®å察ããã®ãšããããææŠãç¶ããã
He continued to challenge despite the objections of those around him.
Usually has a positive, courageous connotation.
280. ïœãããã«
Regardless of...
å®¶æã®å¿é ãããã«ãåœŒã¯æµ·å€ãžè¡ã£ãŠããŸã£ãã
He went abroad despite his family's worries.
Usually carries a critical connotation.
111. Forced
281. ïœãäœåãªãããã
Forced to...
倧éšã®ãããèšç»ã®å€æŽãäœåãªããããã
Due to the heavy rain, the plan was forced to be modified.
Very frequent in news reports.
112. Worth / Not Worth
282. ïœã«è¶³ã
Worth...
ä¿¡é Œããã«è¶³ã人ç©ã ã
A trustworthy person.
283. ïœã«è¶³ããªã
Not worth...
ãããªæ¹å€ã¯æ°ã«ããã«è¶³ããªãã
That kind of criticism is not worth paying attention to at all.
284. ïœã«é£ããªã
Not difficult...
圌ã®èŠåŽã¯æ³åã«é£ããªãã
His hard work is not hard to imagine.
One hundred and thirteen, the best...
285. ïœã«è¶ããããšã¯ãªã
Nothing could be better.
å¥åº·ã®ããã«ã¯ãéåããã«è¶ããããšã¯ãªãã
For health, exercise is of course the best.
One hundred and fourteen, apart from this there is nothing else...
286. ïœããã»ããªã
Can only...
é»è»ããªãã®ã§ãæ©ããŠåž°ãããã»ããªãã
Without the tram, we can only walk back.
287. ïœãããªã
Can only...
ãããããããªãã
At this point, we can only do it.
Extremely common in daily life.
One hundred and fifteen, 20 groups in Japanese grammar that must be focused on
If you really want to take your Japanese to an advanced level in the future, these distinctions must be specifically practiced.
| Easily confused grammar | Key differences |
|---|---|
| 㯠/ ã | Topic vs Subject/Emphasis |
| 㫠/ 㧠| Existence·Target vs Action Location |
| ã« / ãž | Destination vs Direction |
| ãã / ã®ã§ | Subjective reason vs More objective and mild |
| ãã / ãã / ã¿ãã / ããã | Manner, conjecture, colloquial metaphor, hearsay |
| ããã« / ããã« | Controllable purpose vs State target |
| ãã / ã»ãã | Want to do vs Want something |
| ããš / ã® | Formal abstract vs Colloquial concrete |
| ããšãã / ãã°ãã | Just recently objective vs subjective "not long ago" |
| ãš / ã° / ãã / ãªã | Four conditions |
| ã ã / ãã | Only vs "nothing else" |
| ããšã«ãã / ããšã«ãªã | Decide by oneself vs decided externally |
| ããã«ãªã / ããã«ãã | State change vs active effort |
| ãŠãã / ãŠãã | Up to now vs towards the future |
| ããã / ããã / ããã | Give to others / others for me / I receive |
| ã¯ã / ãã | Should logically vs logical explanation |
| ããã§ã¯ãªã / ããããªã | Not really vs impossible |
| ã«ããŠã¯ / ããã« | Different from identity expectation vs different proportion/expectation |
| ã«éããªã / ã¯ãã | Strong judgment vs evidence-based speculation |
| ãããåŸãªã / ããã«ã¯ãããªã | Have to vs cannot in reason |
116. Suggested learning sequence
If starting from zero, it is not recommended to directly memorize "N1 Grammar 300 Items." Efficiency is very low.
The most reasonable route is:
First stage: Zero foundation
Focus on mastering:
ã§ã â Particles â Adjectives â Verb ãŸã forms â ㊠forms
Second stage: N5
Focus:
Stage 3: N4
Focus:
Stage 4: N3
This is the stage where Japanese truly 'clicks'.
Focus:
Stage 5: N2
Focus:
Stage 6: N1
For example:
Core learning framework
If the hundreds of Japanese grammar points are compressed into the most core system, essentially it is the following 10 major categoriesïŒ
- JudgmentïŒã§ããã ãã§ã¯ãªã
- Time: åã«, åŸã§, é, ãã¡ã«, æäžã«, ãŠãã
- CauseïŒãããã®ã§ãããããããããã
- ConditionïŒãšãã°ãããããªã
- ConcessionïŒãããã©ãã®ã«ããŠãããã®ã®ãã«ãããããã
- PurposeïŒããã«ãããã«ãã¹ã
- Speculation/Judgment: ãã, ãã, ããã, ã¯ã, ãã, ã«éããªã
- Degree LimitationïŒã ãããããã»ã©ãããããã°ãããããããã
- Action StateïŒãŠããããŠããããŠããããŠããŸãããŠããããŠãã
- Logical Relation: ã«ã€ããŠ, ã«å¯ŸããŠ, ã«ãšã£ãŠ, ã«ãã£ãŠ, ã«äŒŽã£ãŠ, ã«åºã¥ããŠ, ã«å¿ããŠâŠâŠ
This roadmap covers roughly 280 Japanese grammar points, from beginner to advanced levels. For each point, study how it connects to other words, its meaning, example sentences, common mistakes, and differences from similar patterns. Apply it in reading, listening, speaking, and writing to turn grammar knowledge into practical language skills.