托福英语语法完整体系：114个核心考点与句子分析方法

托福语法的重点不在于记住多少术语，而在于看清句子的主干、动词形式、修饰关系和从句连接。下面按照从基础句型到复杂结构的顺序，完整整理托福范围内常见的英语语法，并配合典型例句说明判断方法。

一、托福语法到底考什么

可以把托福语法压缩成一个核心：

判断一个英语句子为什么能够成立。

几乎所有语法题，最终都可以追溯到几个问题：

句子有没有主语？

有没有谓语动词？

主语和谓语搭不搭？

一个句子里为什么出现两个动词？

两个句子之间用什么连接？

名词前面应该放什么？

修饰语到底修饰谁？

从句结构是否完整？

如果这些问题全部掌握，托福绝大多数语法就已经解决了。

二、第一核心：英语句子的基本结构

这是整个托福语法最重要的一章。

1. 一个完整句子的最低结构

最基本：

Subject + Verb

例如：

Birds fly.

Birds = 主语

fly = 谓语

再复杂：

The students study English.

S + V + O

再复杂：

The professor gave the students an assignment.

S + V + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

三、英语五大基本句型

几乎所有复杂句都是由这些基本结构扩展出来的。

托福题目常用长主语和多层修饰语拉长句子，真正的 S 和 V 很容易被遮住。

例如：

The rapid development of communication technologies in many developing countries has changed the way people work.

真正结构：

development has changed the way

而不是：

technologies have changed

因为主语中心词是：

development

四、托福第一大考点：主语和谓语

这个重要程度可以排整个语法第一。

1. 每个独立句必须有一个真正的谓语

正确：

The scientist discovered a new species.

错误：

The scientist discovering a new species.

为什么？

因为：

discovering ≠ 谓语

它只是现在分词。

需要：

The scientist discovered a new species.

或者：

The scientist is discovering a new species.

五、如何识别真正的谓语

最容易混淆的东西：

例如：

The researchers working in the laboratory discovered the problem.

这里有：

working

discovered

但是只有：

discovered

是真正谓语。

working in the laboratory 修饰 researchers。

六、一个句子里为什么能有两个动词？

这是托福语法极其重要的逻辑。

例如：

The scientist discovered that the theory was incorrect.

常见形式包括：

discovered

was

为什么可以？

因为有：

that

形成两个结构：

The scientist discovered ...

和

the theory was incorrect

第二个是 that 引导的名词性从句。

因此可以记一个非常重要的托福公式：

两个完整的 S + V 结构之间通常必须有连接结构。

比如：

and

but

because

although

if

when

while

that

which

who

because of ❌

七、Run-on Sentence：两个句子不能直接粘在一起

错误：

The experiment failed the researchers repeated it.

这里实际上有两个句子：

The experiment failed.

The researchers repeated it.

不能直接拼。

正确：

The experiment failed, so the researchers repeated it.

或者：

Because the experiment failed, the researchers repeated it.

八、主谓一致 Subject–Verb Agreement

托福超级高频。

基本原则：

单数主语 → 单数谓语

复数主语 → 复数谓语

例如：

The student works hard.

The students work hard.

真正难点不是规则，而是：

找到真正主语。

例如：

The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly apparent.

不是：

climate change is

真正主语：

effects

所以：

are

九、介词短语不会改变主语

非常重要。

The number of students is increasing.

主语：

The number

不是 students。

因此：

The number of students is increasing.

但是：

A number of students are absent.

这是固定区别：

the number of + 复数名词 + 单数动词

表示“……的数量”。

a number of + 复数名词 + 复数动词

表示“许多……”。

十、容易造成主谓一致陷阱的结构

together with

The professor, together with his students, is attending the conference.

主语还是：

professor

as well as

The teacher, as well as the students, was invited.

along with

The president, along with several advisers, has arrived.

这些都不像 and。

真正的：

The professor and his students are attending.

十一、each / every / either / neither

一般按照单数处理。

Every student is required to attend.

Each book has a different title.

Neither answer is correct.

Either option is acceptable.

十二、不定代词

通常单数：

someone

somebody

something

anyone

anybody

anything

everyone

everybody

everything

no one

nobody

nothing

each

either

neither

例如：

Everyone has a different opinion.

十三、There be 结构

真正决定动词的是后面的名词。

There is a problem.

There are several problems.

托福可能写成很长：

There are several important factors that influence language development.

十四、动词时态

托福并不像中学考试那样疯狂考“时态名称”，但时态逻辑非常重要。

英语主要需要掌握四种时间：

past

present

future

past viewpoint

以及四种体：

simple

continuous

perfect

perfect continuous

组合起来产生各种时态。

十五、一般现在时

结构：

do / does

用途：

事实、规律、习惯、长期状态。

Water boils at 100°C.

Many animals migrate seasonally.

学术英语中非常常见。

描述研究普遍结论：

Research shows that exercise improves cognitive performance.

十六、一般过去时

结构：

did

过去已经结束的事件。

The researchers conducted the experiment in 2019.

典型时间：

yesterday

last year

in 1990

two years ago

十七、现在完成时

结构：

have/has + past participle

核心：

过去发生，但与现在有关。

例如：

Scientists have discovered several new species.

和一般过去比较：

Scientists discovered the species in 1998.

有明确结束的过去时间 → 一般过去时。

十八、过去完成时

had + PP

表示：

过去的过去

例如：

By the time the researchers arrived, the animals had disappeared.

时间关系：

animals disappeared

↓

researchers arrived

↓

现在

十九、进行时

be + V-ing

表示正在进行、暂时状态。

The climate is changing rapidly.

Scientists are studying the phenomenon.

二十、时态一致

如果文章讲过去发生的研究：

The researchers collected the samples and analyzed them.

不要莫名其妙：

collected ... analyze

除非时间意义真的发生变化。

二十一、被动语态 Passive Voice

托福学术英语里极其常见。

结构：

be + past participle

主动：

Scientists discovered the fossil.

被动：

The fossil was discovered by scientists.

常见：

is used

was discovered

has been found

can be observed

were produced

二十二、被动语态最常见错误

错误：

The fossil discovered in 1990.

如果这是完整句子，就缺谓语。

应该：

The fossil was discovered in 1990.

但是：

The fossil discovered in 1990 is extremely rare.

这里：

discovered in 1990

是过去分词短语修饰 fossil。

真正谓语：

is

这个区别是托福经典考点。

二十三、情态动词 Modal Verbs

重要：

can

could

may

might

must

should

will

would

结构：

modal + 动词原形

正确：

can produce

错误：

can produces

can produced

can producing

can to produce

过去推测：

may have caused

结构：

modal + have + PP

例如：

Climate change may have contributed to the extinction.

二十四、虚拟语气 Subjunctive

托福尤其喜欢一种：

suggest / recommend / demand / insist + that + S + 动词原形

例如：

The professor suggested that the student revise the paper.

不是：

revises

这种形式有时写成：

should revise

但美式英语经常直接用原形。

类似词：

recommend

suggest

propose

request

require

demand

insist

urge

二十五、非谓语动词：托福语法的第二大核心

三个主要类型：

to do

doing

done

也就是：

不定式

动名词/现在分词

过去分词

二十六、To-infinitive

结构：

to + verb

例如：

Students need to study.

Scientists attempted to explain the phenomenon.

常见接 to do：

want

hope

plan

decide

expect

attempt

learn

need

agree

refuse

promise

二十七、Gerund：V-ing 作名词

例如：

Reading improves vocabulary.

Reading = 主语。

Students enjoy reading.

reading = 宾语。

常见必须接 doing：

enjoy

avoid

consider

finish

suggest

mind

practice

admit

例如：

The researchers considered changing the methodology.

二十八、介词后面通常用 V-ing

这是非常重要的考试规则。

例如：

by using

without considering

before conducting

after completing

instead of doing

错误：

by use

如果是动词意义通常要：

by using

二十九、to 不一定是不定式

超级重要。

某些 to 是介词。

例如：

look forward to seeing you.

不是：

look forward to see

因为这里：

to = 介词

类似：

be accustomed to doing

be used to doing

object to doing

contribute to doing

lead to doing

三十、现在分词 V-ing

通常表达：

主动 / 进行

例如：

Students studying abroad often experience cultural differences.

完整：

Students who study abroad...

缩减：

Students studying abroad...

三十一、过去分词 PP

通常表达：

被动 / 完成

例如：

The book written by Darwin became famous.

完整：

The book that was written by Darwin...

缩减：

The book written by Darwin...

所以非常重要：

doing → 主动

done → 被动

比较：

animals living in forests

动物自己 live。

animals affected by pollution

动物被 affect。

三十二、分词结构

例如：

Using advanced technology, scientists identified the species.

逻辑主语必须一致。

这里：

谁使用 technology？

scientists。

所以正确。

错误：

Using advanced technology, the species was identified by scientists.

语法上会产生 dangling modifier：

好像 species 在使用 technology。

三十三、使役动词

make

make + O + 动词原形

The discovery made scientists reconsider the theory.

let

let + O + 动词原形

The teacher let students leave early.

have

have + O + 动词原形

The professor had the students rewrite the paper.

get

通常：

get + O + to do

She got him to help.

三十四、感官动词

see

hear

watch

feel

notice

可以：

I saw him leave.

强调完整动作。

或者：

I saw him leaving.

强调正在进行。

三十五、名词：可数与不可数

托福非常喜欢。

可数：

student

book

idea

theory

animal

不可数：

information

research

evidence

knowledge

equipment

furniture

advice

所以：

错误：

an information

正确：

information

错误：

many research

通常：

much research

或者：

many studies

三十六、可数单数不能裸奔

这是英语里极重要的一条规则。

不能：

Student entered classroom.

通常必须：

A student entered the classroom.

或者：

The student...

或者：

My student...

所以：

可数名词单数前通常必须有 determiner。

三十七、冠词 a / an

表示：

一个、某个、不特定对象

例如：

Scientists conducted an experiment.

第一次出现。

三十八、the

表示双方能够确定的特定对象。

Scientists conducted an experiment.

第一次：

an experiment

然后：

The experiment lasted three months.

第二次大家知道指哪个，所以 the。

三十九、零冠词

泛指复数：

Dogs are social animals.

不是：

The dogs are social animals.

如果指的是所有狗：

不可数泛指：

Water is essential for life.

四十、代词

需要掌握：

subject：

I / he / she / we / they

object：

me / him / her / us / them

possessive adjective：

my / his / her / our / their

possessive pronoun：

mine / his / hers / ours / theirs

例如：

Scientists examined their results.

而不是：

them results

四十一、it / its / it's

高频基础错误：

its = 它的

The animal changes its behavior.

it's = it is / it has

It's difficult.

四十二、形容词和副词

形容词修饰：

名词

例如：

a significant difference

副词修饰：

动词

形容词

副词

整个句子

例如：

change significantly

highly significant

经典托福题：

The results were ______ different.

答案：

significantly

因为 different 是形容词，需要副词修饰。

四十三、-ed / -ing 形容词

区别：

interesting = 令人感兴趣

interested = 感到有兴趣

例如：

The lecture was interesting.

The students were interested.

类似：

boring / bored

exciting / excited

surprising / surprised

confusing / confused

四十四、比较级

一般：

A is taller than B.

长词：

more important than

例如：

Solar energy is more environmentally friendly than coal.

四十五、最高级

the + superlative

例如：

the largest

the most important

四十六、as...as

as + adjective/adverb + as

例如：

This method is as effective as the traditional method.

错误：

as effective than

四十七、比较必须逻辑对应

托福很喜欢考。

错误：

The climate of Canada is colder than Mexico.

实际比较的是：

Canada 的气候

和

Mexico 这个国家

逻辑不平行。

应该：

The climate of Canada is colder than that of Mexico.

that = climate

复数：

those of

例如：

The temperatures in Canada are lower than those in Mexico.

四十八、平行结构 Parallelism

这是托福极其重要的高级语法。

错误：

The course teaches students to read, writing, and speak.

应该：

to read, write, and speak

保持结构一致。

或者：

reading, writing, and speaking

四十九、both...and

必须平行：

She is both intelligent and hardworking.

五十、either...or

Students can either study abroad or remain at home.

五十一、neither...nor

The theory is neither accurate nor useful.

五十二、not only...but also

The technology not only reduces costs but also improves efficiency.

一定要注意两边结构一致。

错误：

not only reducing costs but also improves efficiency

五十三、介词

托福不是主要考死记硬背介词，但固定搭配很多。

常见：

depend on

result in

result from

contribute to

lead to

consist of

belong to

participate in

focus on

be responsible for

be associated with

be interested in

be capable of

五十四、because 和 because of

这是经典结构题。

because + S + V

The game was canceled because it was raining.

because of + noun

The game was canceled because of the rain.

不能：

because of it was raining

五十五、although 和 despite

同样：

although + S + V

Although the weather was bad, we continued.

而：

despite + noun

Despite the bad weather, we continued.

也可以：

despite the fact that + S + V

五十六、连接词是托福语法的核心之一

连接两个完整句子：

and

but

or

so

yet

例如：

The experiment failed, so the researchers tried again.

五十七、从属连词

because

although

though

even though

while

whereas

if

unless

when

before

after

since

as

它们可以创造一个从句。

例如：

Although the experiment failed, researchers obtained useful data.

五十八、名词性从句

这是托福长难句核心。

主要引导词：

that

whether

if

what

who

why

how

where

when

例如：

Scientists believe that climate change affects migration.

整个：

that climate change affects migration

相当于一个名词，是 believe 的宾语。

五十九、that 从句

Researchers discovered that the species was endangered.

结构：

Researchers = 主语

discovered = 谓语

that...

里面：

species = 主语

was = 谓语

六十、what 从句

非常重要：

Scientists do not know what caused the extinction.

what 本身在从句中充当成分。

比较：

Scientists know that climate change caused the extinction.

that 自己不充当 caused 的主语或宾语。

六十一、whether

表示“是否”。

Researchers are uncertain whether the treatment is effective.

六十二、名词性从句使用陈述语序

这是中国学生特别容易错的地方。

直接疑问：

Where does he live?

从句：

I don't know where he lives.

不是：

I don't know where does he live.

同样：

Do you know why the experiment failed?

不是：

why did the experiment fail

六十三、定语从句 Relative Clause

托福超级重要。

修饰名词：

The scientist who discovered the element won a prize.

who 修饰 scientist。

六十四、关系代词

who

人：

the scientist who discovered it

whom

人，宾格：

the scientist whom we interviewed

现代英语中经常直接 who。

which

物：

the theory which explains the phenomenon

that

人或物，限制性从句：

the theory that explains the phenomenon

whose

所属：

the scientist whose research changed biology

六十五、关系副词

where

the laboratory where the experiment was conducted

when

the year when the discovery occurred

why

the reason why the experiment failed

六十六、定语从句最核心判断法

看从句是否缺东西。

例如：

The book _____ changed biology was published in 1859.

后面：

_____ changed biology

缺主语。

所以：

that / which

另外：

The book _____ Darwin wrote was published in 1859.

Darwin wrote _____

缺宾语。

所以：

that / which

但是：

The year _____ Darwin published the book...

Darwin published the book _____

结构已经完整，只缺时间信息。

所以：

when

六十七、限制性与非限制性定语从句

限制性：

Students who study regularly generally perform better.

不是所有 students。

非限制性：

Darwin, who developed the theory of evolution, was born in 1809.

逗号说明是补充信息。

通常：

非限制性定语从句不能用 that。

六十八、介词 + which / whom

学术英语常见：

the method by which the data were collected

the scientist with whom she worked

the conditions under which the experiment was conducted

这是托福阅读中尤其常见。

六十九、定语从句缩减

完整：

Animals that live in cold climates often have thick fur.

缩减：

Animals living in cold climates often have thick fur.

主动 → V-ing。

完整：

The samples that were collected in Africa were analyzed.

缩减：

The samples collected in Africa were analyzed.

被动 → PP。

这个是托福最重要的长难句结构之一。

七十、副词从句

表示：

时间

原因

条件

让步

目的

结果

对比

例如：

时间：

When temperatures fall, animals migrate.

原因：

Animals migrate because food becomes scarce.

让步：

Although temperatures were low, the plants survived.

条件：

If temperatures continue to rise, ecosystems will change.

七十一、条件句

基本条件句：

If water reaches 100°C, it boils.

事实。

第一条件：

If temperatures rise, sea levels will increase.

现实可能。

第二条件：

If I had more time, I would study more.

现在假设。

第三条件：

If scientists had discovered the problem earlier, they might have prevented the damage.

过去反事实。

七十二、倒装 Inversion

这是托福高阶语法。

正常：

The phenomenon rarely occurs.

倒装：

Rarely does the phenomenon occur.

常见触发词：

never

rarely

seldom

hardly

scarcely

little

not only

only then

only after

under no circumstances

例如：

Never has this phenomenon been observed before.

七十三、Not only 倒装

如果句首：

Not only did the experiment fail, but it also damaged the equipment.

注意：

did 后用：

fail

不是 failed。

七十四、Only + 状语放句首

Only after several experiments did scientists discover the cause.

不是：

did scientists discovered

因为 did 后面一定原形。

七十五、So / Neither 倒装

John likes science, and so does Mary.

John doesn't like science, and neither does Mary.

七十六、强调结构 It is...that...

It was Darwin who proposed the theory.

基本句：

Darwin proposed the theory.

强调 Darwin：

It was Darwin who proposed the theory.

七十七、It 作形式主语

It is important to understand the difference.

真正内容：

to understand the difference

也可以：

It is important that students understand the difference.

七十八、There + be

表示存在：

There are several explanations for the phenomenon.

不要和：

They are...

混淆。

七十九、同位语 Apposition

托福阅读超级常见：

Darwin, a British naturalist, developed the theory of evolution.

a British naturalist 和 Darwin 是同一个人。

这种插入结构经常干扰谓语识别。

真正句子：

Darwin developed the theory.

八十、同位语从句

The theory that climate change caused the extinction remains controversial.

这里 that 从句解释：

the theory 的内容。

注意它和定语从句不同。

定语从句：

The theory that explains the extinction...

that 在从句中充当主语。

同位语：

The theory that climate change caused the extinction...

从句：

climate change caused the extinction

本身结构已经完整。

八十一、比较结构

除了：

more...than

还需要掌握：

the more..., the more...

例如：

The more students practice, the better they perform.

八十二、倍数结构

twice as large as

three times as much as

four times the size of

例如：

Jupiter is approximately eleven times as wide as Earth.

八十三、数量词

可数：

many

few

a few

fewer

number

不可数：

much

little

a little

less

amount

例如：

fewer students

不是：

less students

正式考试英语尤其注意。

八十四、few 和 a few

差别很大。

few students

几乎没有学生，偏否定。

a few students

有几个学生，偏肯定。

同理：

little evidence

几乎没有证据。

a little evidence

有一些证据。

八十五、another / other / others / the other

这是经典考试语法。

another

another + 单数

another method

other

other + 复数/不可数

other methods

others

单独作代词：

Some students agreed; others disagreed.

the other

两个中的另一个：

One method is expensive; the other is inexpensive.

八十六、one...another...

多个对象：

One theory suggests A; another suggests B.

两个对象：

One is large; the other is small.

八十七、词性判断

托福非常重要。

比如：

rapid development

rapid = adjective

development = noun

develop rapidly

develop = verb

rapidly = adverb

常见后缀：

例如：

significant

形容词。

significance

名词。

significantly

副词。

八十八、词序 Word Order

普通陈述句：

Subject + Verb + Object

例如：

Scientists discovered the species.

英语不能像中文一样随便调整。

八十九、形容词的位置

通常：

adjective + noun

an important discovery

或者系动词之后：

The discovery was important.

不能：

the discovery importantly

九十、副词的位置

频率副词：

always

usually

often

sometimes

rarely

never

一般：

普通动词前：

Scientists often conduct experiments.

be 后：

The results are often inaccurate.

九十一、疑问句词序

一般疑问：

Do students need textbooks?

特殊疑问：

Why do students need textbooks?

be：

Why is the theory important?

但是再次注意：

嵌入从句：

Scientists want to know why the theory is important.

不是：

why is the theory important

九十二、主动与被动选择

看主语执行动作还是承受动作。

Scientists conducted the experiment.

Scientists 做实验。

The experiment was conducted by scientists.

experiment 被做。

这一点会直接决定：

doing / done

例如：

researchers conducting the experiment

experiments conducted by researchers

九十三、动词搭配

托福大量语法错误其实属于：

verb pattern

例如：

prevent A from doing B

allow A to do B

enable A to do B

require A to do B

encourage A to do B

cause A to do B

keep A from doing B

这些非常值得单独背。

九十四、Allow

正确：

allow students to use calculators

错误：

allow students use calculators

九十五、Prevent

prevent animals from entering the area

不是：

prevent animals to enter

九十六、Help

都可以：

help students understand

help students to understand

九十七、Used to / be used to / be used for

非常容易混。

used to + 动词原形

过去曾经：

People used to believe that the Earth was flat.

be used to + noun / doing

习惯：

Students are used to studying late.

be used to do

被用于：

This instrument is used to measure temperature.

be used for doing

This instrument is used for measuring temperature.

九十八、Had better

had better + 动词原形

You had better study.

不是：

had better to study

九十九、Would rather

would rather + 动词原形

I would rather stay home.

一百、Prefer

可以：

prefer A to B

prefer doing A to doing B

prefer to do A rather than do B

保持平行。

101、避免双重连接词

中文思维非常容易：

错误：

Although the experiment failed, but researchers learned something.

英语：

Although the experiment failed, researchers learned something.

或者：

The experiment failed, but researchers learned something.

同样：

错误：

Because it rained, so we stayed home.

102、逗号不能直接连接两个完整句子

错误：

The experiment failed, the researchers tried again.

这是：

comma splice

应该：

The experiment failed, so the researchers tried again.

或者：

The experiment failed; the researchers tried again.

或者：

Because the experiment failed, the researchers tried again.

103、托福特别喜欢的“长主语”

例如：

The rapid expansion of cities in developing countries has created serious environmental problems.

不要看到：

countries

就选：

have

整个主语核心：

expansion

所以：

has。

104、插入成分陷阱

The professor, along with several graduate students, is conducting the research.

删掉插入：

The professor is conducting the research.

做语法题时，这种“删除干扰项”的方法非常有效。

105、复杂名词结构

学术英语大量：

the development of modern transportation systems

核心词：

development

所有：

of modern transportation systems

只是修饰。

再复杂：

the effects of increasing global temperatures on marine ecosystems

核心：

effects

所以：

The effects ... are significant.

106、TOEFL ITP 的经典 Structure 题

这种题通常类似：

_____ one of the most important discoveries in modern medicine.

解题时先不看意思，先检查结构。

先问：

这个句子缺什么？

如果后面已经没有谓语，那么空格可能需要：

The discovery was...

或者能够形成完整 S+V 的结构。

Structure 题真正考的是：

句子缺哪个结构成分？

TOEFL ITP Structure 的重点，是识别标准书面英语中正确与错误的句子结构。

107、Written Expression 题

另一种典型题：

一个完整句子里标出 A/B/C/D 四部分。

例如：

The animals was observed in several different environments.

需要找到：

was

因为：

animals → were

Written Expression 通常采用这种形式：从标出的四个词或短语中找出错误。

108、2026 TOEFL iBT 的 Build a Sentence 怎么做

现在 iBT Writing 中明确要求：

把给出的词或短语重新排列，组成完整、符合语法的句子或问题。

这项任务主要考查对 English sentence structure 的理解。

下面模拟一道：

because of / was canceled / the outdoor event / heavy rain

先找：

主语：

the outdoor event

谓语：

was canceled

原因：

because of heavy rain

答案：

The outdoor event was canceled because of heavy rain.

不必逐词试排，应先识别句子骨架。

109、Build a Sentence 最有效的方法

看到一堆词块后，脑子按这个顺序处理：

S → V → O/C → 从句 → 修饰语

例如：

have shown / regular exercise / several recent studies / that / improves memory

第一步找主语：

several recent studies

第二步谓语：

have shown

第三步 show 后面需要内容：

that...

第四步从句：

regular exercise improves memory

得到：

Several recent studies have shown that regular exercise improves memory.

这就是托福语法真正的核心能力。

110、一个特别重要的“句子分析公式”

以后看到任何托福长句，都可以按照：

① 圈谓语

↓

② 找每个谓语对应的主语

↓

③ 判断有几个 S+V

↓

④ 找连接词

↓

⑤ 把介词短语、分词、插入语暂时删掉

↓

⑥ 分清主句和从句

例如：

Although many scientists initially rejected the theory, evidence collected during subsequent experiments gradually convinced researchers that the hypothesis was correct.

先找真正谓语：

rejected

convinced

was

三个。

然后：

Although many scientists rejected the theory,

第一层从句。

evidence ... convinced researchers

主句。

that the hypothesis was correct

宾语从句。

而：

collected during subsequent experiments

没有真正谓语，因为 collected 是过去分词，修饰 evidence。

整个超级长的句子一下就清楚了。

111、如果按托福重要程度排序

如果学习目标是尽快提高托福成绩，各语法模块的优先级并不相同。

可以分成以下三个等级：

S级：必须完全掌握

句子主干 S + V

主谓一致

谓语 vs 非谓语

doing / done / to do

主动 / 被动

从句连接词

名词性从句

定语从句

副词从句

平行结构

词性

这些解决大量题目，同时直接影响阅读长难句和写作。

A级：非常重要

时态

完成时

情态动词

冠词

可数不可数

代词

比较级

介词搭配

条件句

分词缩减

比较结构

B级：高分阶段补齐

倒装

虚拟语气

强调结构

同位语从句

复杂比较

特殊固定搭配

高级分词结构

112、实际上可以把全部托福语法压缩成 15 大模块

系统学习时，适合按照下面的顺序推进：

113、最值得形成条件反射的错误

比如看到：

The development of new technologies have...

马上警觉。

development = 单数：

has

看到：

Scientists interested to study...

马上警觉。

interested in studying

看到：

The animals living in the forest is...

主语：

animals

所以：

are

看到：

Although X, but Y

马上警觉。

删掉 but。

看到：

because of the temperature increased

马上警觉。

because of + 名词。

要么：

because the temperature increased

要么：

because of the increase in temperature

看到：

the experiment conducting by scientists

马上警觉。

experiment 被 conduct：

conducted

看到：

researchers don't know why did the species disappear

马上警觉。

名词性从句用陈述语序：

why the species disappeared

看到：

allow students use

马上警觉：

allow students to use

看到：

by use technology

马上警觉：

by using technology

看到：

more easier

马上警觉。

不能双重比较：

easier

看到：

informations / researches / equipments

马上警觉。

一般：

information / research / equipment

114、TOEFL iBT 高分真正需要的语法水平

高分并不要求刻意写出：

Had it not been for the unprecedented proliferation of technological advancements...

这种故意复杂的英语。

TOEFL Writing 更看重准确使用 grammar 和 vocabulary，并且清晰有效地表达观点。清楚、有组织的表达比刻意堆叠复杂结构更重要。

所以真正的高分能力是：

简单句不犯错 + 复杂句能控制住。

比如与其写一个 50 词、错误一大堆的句子，不如熟练控制：

Although X, Y.

X because Y.

Studies have shown that X.

X, which Y, can Z.

If X occurs, Y may happen.

One reason is that X.

Not only X but also Y.

把这些结构写得稳定、准确、自然，价值远高于背大量冷门语法。

托福语法知识地图

整个体系可以概括为：

英语句子

→ 主干

S / V / O / C

→ 动词系统

时态 / 语态 / 情态 / 主谓一致

→ 非谓语

to do / doing / done

→ 名词系统

单复数 / 可数不可数 / 冠词 / 代词

→ 修饰系统

形容词 / 副词 / 介词 / 比较

→ 连接系统

and / but / because / although...

→ 三大从句

名词性从句 / 定语从句 / 副词从句

→ 复杂结构

分词缩减 / 平行 / 比较 / 条件 / 倒装 / 虚拟 / 强调

只要这套体系全部掌握，托福所需要的核心语法基本就完整了。

对于准备 2026 新版 TOEFL iBT 的考生，训练重点应放在 句子结构 + Build a Sentence + 长难句拆解 + 写作实际纠错，不必按照传统语法书从头到尾平均分配时间。Writing 已经加入 Build a Sentence，整套 Writing 约 23 分钟、12 个 items，因此语法判断需要练到相当熟练。